BOOK REVIEW: THE MAKIOKA SISTERS by Tanizaki (Junichirō), translated by Edward G. Seidensticker

Summary

“The Makioka Sisters” follows the lives of the four Makioka sisters - Tsuruko, Sachiko, Yukiko, and Taeko - in the years leading up to World War II in Osaka, Japan. The story focuses on the family’s attempts to arrange a marriage for the third sister, Yukiko, who is considered the most marriageable but also the most shy and withdrawn of the sisters. As the family navigates the complexities of Japanese tradition and the changing modern world, the story explores themes of family, duty, and the role of women in society. Through the lens of the Makioka household, the novel provides a poignant portrait of a family and a culture in transition.

Me, the Reader

I bought this book several years ago in Hong Kong (Nov. 2017 for HKD$165 according to the tag, although I am pretty sure I got it on discount with a few other books). I tried picking it up then and there, but it wasn't the right time, I didn’t empathize with people the way I do now. I don't have a sister and have never been to Japan, but I have some background on it during the 1930s-1940s. I am also somewhat familiar with the geography and social etiquette, though from an academic perspective, and not a grassroots one like I do with China. There are many things I do not understand about Japan, and my opinions could be wrong.

Stats

This was a long book: 562 pages, with a brief author introduction & character list (which I appreciated), published by Vintage 2000, paperback edition. 

Characters & Setting

The four Makioka Sisters, their family, friends, relations & lovers are all richly developed with unique personalities. They come to life vividly and drive the story. I would not have been so invested in this book if not for the deep impression each character left on me, which made me curious about what their next step would be. The continuity of their experiences and lives is built firmly, and I felt myself growing with the characters over the years-long period in their tale, which hints at the world-wide conflict they seemingly are only mildly affected by. The atmosphere is always detailed and takes on a vaguely magical aura. I had a visceral image in my mind as the characters dined on fresh sushi in a hole-in-the-wall restaurant. The textures, scents, sounds, and more all come to life. Several times I reminisced about how the next place I want to visit is Japan, but also was constantly reminded how little I could possibly understand about the relationships the people build with each other.

Theme & Meaning

I felt this book was a staunch analysis of the growth of Japan culturally into the new age. Each sister embodied a slightly different view, experience, and struggle into the future. They are interconnected, and each has a unique relationship with one another, which I think also hints at the varying level each has on every person. From an originally well-off family, each woman experiences turbulent life events that change her, and their bonds morph and entangle. The eldest sister, Tsuruko, with a large family who can barely afford to live in the growing metropolis Tokyo, represents (to me) the struggles of the times, especially to those who could not maintain their previous familial status and can no longer rely on that former glory to support them, yet reflect upon it often. The second oldest, Sachiko, who lives arguably the best, carries the weight of her decisions most heavily. She represents to me the one that always seemingly has it easy and who puts on a brave face, but deals with the weight of Japanese mentality the strongest: expected to both uphold traditional values taught to her in youth but simultaneously adapt steadily with the occurrences of modern Japan. The second youngest, Yukiko, is becoming unmarriageable and painfully reserved, and I feel represents the once coveted classic Japanese beauty that, now, is seen as old-fashioned or high maintenance. And then the youngest, Taeko or “Koi-san,” the most modern and clearly most destructive youth in perhaps the whole town, goes through tumultuous decisions one after the next. I feel she represents the attempt at assimilation to Western values too hastily, at risk of destruction to the “self” of Japanese identity, but also the reality that the world is changing and adaptability is necessary for survival. 

As a woman who is typically very critical of female characters, I found myself supportive, refutive, frustrated, sympathetic, and on the whole appreciative of this varied set of characters. They were full, unique, and enjoyable, who acted out a wonderful play. I do not know if men would enjoy this as much as a woman would, but it was very enjoyable for me. There were still a good set of male characters, but this story was definitely female-dominated. 

Author & Translator Impressions

It is clear the writer loved Japan and saw true beauty in the day-to-day life the people lived, and saw their romance, suffering, innocence, and corruption. I really enjoyed the book “Naomi,” which was also focused around the femininity and frustration of the female, but “The Makioka Sisters” felt more modern to me, and I was able to connect with the characters more. I felt the translators did a very good job and the book did not feel like a choppy, rigid, word-for-word dictation at all. It felt detailed and enjoyable to read. I can only imagine the native language as that much more well-written. 

OVERALL RATING: 4/5 ⭐️

Sip slow, read far. 

#teacoffee #steepedinstories #bookclub #reading #standwithfreedom #茶和咖啡 #看书 #读书 #读者俱乐部

The political landscape of the world is an intricate tapestry, wrought with the threads of diplomacy, covert tactics, and at times, subversion. Among the myriad players, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has often been portrayed as the quintessential serpent in this global nest, due to its alleged practices of infiltration and ideological diffusion[1]

In a hushed, steady descent, akin to a snake easing into a nest, the CCP is claimed to have woven its influence subtly yet surely into domestic and global institutions. However, it's important to view these allegations within a wider perspective, as part of the complex jigsaw puzzle of global politics, where every nation has its own unique set of strategies. These strategies are employed differently depending on the system which governs the nation, not necessarily based on the peoples of those nations.

It is essential to establish an understanding that extends beyond broad-brush strokes. China, as a nation with millennia of rich culture and history, and the Chinese people, with their diverse array of traditions, aspirations, and experiences, cannot and should not be equated with the political entity that is the CCP. The two are as distinct as the threads in the aforementioned tapestry –intertwined based on proximity, yet each with its own unique character. The thread that represents the Chinese people should be considered ensnared to the point of being strangled by that of the CCP.

The actions and policies of the CCP do not encapsulate the totality of China or its people, just as the actions of any government or political organization do not fully define their respective nations or cultures. To conflate the two would be to oversimplify a dynamic, multi-faceted relationship, much like reducing a symphony to a single note. This is a particularly significant distinction to remember as we navigate through this exploration of the CCP's alleged infiltration techniques, ensuring a comprehensive understanding that doesn't stereotype or unjustly associate a group or a country based on the actions of its political entity.

In our exploration, let us strive to lift the veil off the elusive tactics and strategies, shedding light on their intricacies and implications, all while maintaining a clear distinction between the China, its people, and the CCP.

II. The CCP's Academic Infiltration

The early 20th century was a tumultuous period for China, with the nation caught in the throes of significant ideological and political transformations. The end of World War II marked the onset of the intense civil war between the ruling Guomindang (Nationalist Party) and the CCP. This fierce struggle was not confined to the battlefield; instead, it permeated society's very fabric, including the revered halls of academia.

Universities, the cradles of intellectual development and progress, became silent theaters for ideological warfare. The CCP turned to these institutions as part of a strategic plan to spread their message and enlist support, subtly creating and transforming these scholastic bastions into platforms for political indoctrination and entrancing new minds eager to learn.

One such example is the former Yan'an Academy of Natural Sciences, inaugurated by the CCP, which served a dual purpose: it was an institution for scientific research and a conduit for disseminating and solidifying communist ideology. Established during the Anti-Japanese War when Yan'an housed a substantial number of CCP, government, military personnel, and anti-Japanese youth, the Academy positioned itself as a bastion of scientific teaching in areas under CCP control. Unlike other educational institutions in Yan'an that focused primarily on liberal arts, the Yan'an Academy of Natural Sciences, created in May 1939, aimed to educate and retain the CCP's scientific and technological workforce.

Under Li Fuchun's leadership, the Academy offered a curriculum combining traditional scientific teaching with communist ideology, subtly shaping students' perspectives. Not merely an educational institution, it contributed significantly to scientific research and production, showcasing how CCP harnessed the potential of young minds and utilized education as a tool for ideological molding. After training approximately 500 students over five years in Yan'an, the Academy underwent multiple relocations and transformations, finally metamorphosing into the Beijing Institute of Technology in 1952.[2]

Today, the Beijing Institute of Technology remains a highly influential institution in China. The school continues its legacy of intertwining rigorous scientific education with ideological training. The curriculum, while focusing on advanced technological and scientific studies, still imbues students with the core tenets of communist ideology, subtly shaping their perspectives towards societal and political matters. This strategy is a testament to the CCP's enduring strategy of utilizing education as a tool to disseminate and cement its ideological beliefs among the youth.

The Institute is not just a place of learning but a crucible for molding future generations who will carry forward the principles of communism, ensuring its prevalence and relevance in contemporary Chinese society. The Institute’s website clearly states, “[t]he History Museum of Beijing University of Science and Technology (BIT) will continue to pass the history [of the Institute] to generations, open up new sources of strength, and make contributions to the "double first class" construction of the university under the guidance of Xi Jinping's thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics in new era.”[3]

A more well-known example is Peking University, one of the leading educational institutions in China, where communist ideology was systematically disseminated through the formation of Marxist study groups, societies, and was the first university to offer courses on the subject matter.

Li Dazhao, then director of the Peking University Library and a professor at the university in the late 1910s, rose to prominence, becoming the pioneer in China to comprehensively study, apply, and spread Marxist ideology at the university. Utilizing the school as a launchpad, he disseminated Marxism throughout China, using the influential platform of "New Youth," a published editorial, to share articles. His pivotal essay "My View on Marxism," served as a beacon for Marxism studies in China, systematically introducing Marx's historical materialism, political economy, and scientific socialism.[4] However, his influence marked a concerning trend for some, as Peking University became a breeding ground for Marxist ideologies and practices, potentially embedding these doctrines deep within China's intellectual landscape, with consequences still resonating today.

The pernicious legacy of Peking University's espousal of Marxist and communist ideologies continues to reverberate through contemporary China, shaping its society in numerous ways. These doctrines have played an integral role in molding the CCP’s ideology, which has held the reins of power since 1949, with major figures like Mao Zedong drawing from the Marxist fountainhead that Peking University had become. The serpent of communism has slithered its way into every corner of the Chinese educational landscape, creating an indoctrinated student body with a skewed worldview, which also happens to be one of the largest demographics that traverse to other countries. This pervasion of ideology has, in turn, been instrumental in the rise of a stifling one-party rule in China.

It has led to the formation of a purportedly socialist market economy, where despite some market-oriented reforms, the state still maintains an iron grip on key industries. Furthermore, the enforcement of these ideologies has spawned a litany of human rights concerns, from the suppression of dissent to the control over information, causing significant disquiet within and beyond China's borders.

This strategy of academic infiltration shares resemblances with movements seen in Western societies, such as the student protests in 1960s America, where universities became hotbeds of ideological transformations. But where the Western movements were often bottom-up, driven by student activists and intellectuals, the CCP's approach is top-down, an orchestrated strategy purportedly designed by the Party's top echelons. It's a key divergence that hints at the meticulous planning behind these tactics and underscores the importance of recognizing the varying methods employed in political persuasion.

III. Espionage through Honey Traps

A favored trope of spy novels and films, the concept of “honey traps” -- using romantic or sexual relationships for the sake of political manipulation -- is, unfortunately, rooted in reality, and its traces can be seen across various cultural and political landscapes. The CCP has often been accused of employing such tactics in its espionage repertoire, and though one must exercise caution when interpreting these allegations, there are instances that give weight to these claims.

The concept of “honey-trap,” known as 美人計 (měi rén jì) in Chinese, is not unique to the CCP or China for that matter, but rather has been refined and relied upon heavily by the CCP for infiltration due to its efficacy. The historical roots of the concept of a "honey trap" can be traced back even to ancient times. One of the earliest references can be found in the "Arthashastra," a political treatise from ancient India, authored by the statesman Kautilya (also known as Chanakya). In this work, Kautilya described the use of "Vish Kanyas" or "poison damsels," who were used as tools of assassination and manipulation.[5]

The evolution of people being used to seduce and subdue individuals has no doubt evolved from that time to today. A cinematographic example can be seen in the film "Lust, Caution." Under the direction of Ang Lee, the film showcases how subversive strategies can be entwined with personal motivations and political pursuits. Based on a short story written by Eileen Chang (Zhang Ailing)[6], the plot revolves around a young college student who is drawn into the political underground theatre committed to communism. Allured by both her sense of patriotism against the Japanese invasion and a romantic interest within the underground group, she is drafted to seduce and assassinate a high-ranking official in the puppet government established by the Japanese during World War II. This Chinese film and short story, while both works of fiction, deftly encapsulates the intricate dynamics of honey traps, intertwining personal allure with the larger scheme of political objectives.

Beyond the silver screen, the case of Katrina Leung, also known as 陳文英 (Chén Wényīng) or the “Parlor Maid,” provides a compelling real-world example of the risks and implications associated with honey traps in the realm of international espionage. Leung was a businesswoman who used a fake Taiwan passport to immigrate to the US at the age of 16 and was involved in a complex double agent operation involving the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Chinese Ministry of State Security (MSS) that was also romantically entangled.

Leung's relationship with the FBI began when she was recruited as an “asset” to provide intelligence on China. Her apparent cooperation with the FBI led to her access to classified information and her involvement in sensitive investigations. However, what the FBI was unaware of at the time was that Leung had been concurrently working as a secret operative for the Chinese government, leaking highly confidential U.S. intelligence.

The intricate nature of Leung's case is further exemplified by her romantic involvement with her FBI handler, Special Agent James J. Smith. This illicit relationship not only violated FBI regulations but also provided Leung with an opportunity to exploit her position and gain access to classified documents and information beyond her authorized clearance level.[7] The fact that Leung was able to maintain this double life and deceive both the FBI and her handler underscores the effectiveness of honey traps as a means of extracting sensitive information.

Leung's case, which came to light in the early 2000s, prompted significant scrutiny of the FBI's counterintelligence practices and raised concerns about the vulnerability of intelligence agencies to infiltration and manipulation through romantic or sexual relationships.[8] It serves as a reminder of the intricate challenges faced by intelligence organizations in identifying and mitigating the risks associated with honey traps.

Again, these types of tactics are not only within the CCP’s arsenal for infiltration, as a more recent high-profile espionage case in 2010 demonstrates; the case involving Russian spy Anna Chapman became synonymous with the concept of a honey trap as part of a Russian spy ring operating in the United States. Chapman, an undercover agent for the Russian intelligence agency SVR, employed her charisma, beauty, and social connections to strategically establish personal relationships with influential individuals in elite social circles.

Chapman's modus operandi involved using her charm and allure to captivate her targets. She strategically sought out high-ranking individuals in various sectors who possessed access to valuable intelligence. Through her interactions, Chapman gained their trust and established personal connections, providing her with opportunities to extract classified information discreetly. However, the FBI successfully uncovered the spy ring's operations and dismantled it, leading to Chapman's arrest and subsequent deportation. [9]

Each instance of this tactic's use might bear unique cultural imprints in its execution, reflective of the socio-cultural realities of the orchestrating entity. It's essential, therefore, to separate the act -- the honey trap -- from the cultural or national identity of the actors, emphasizing the commonality of such tactics across nations and cultures, even as we explore specific instances attributed to the CCP.

IV. The CCP's Persistent Tactics: Infiltration in the Modern Era

In the contemporary world, the CCP's infiltration tactics have not only persisted but evolved, reaching into the heart of foreign institutions, including those in the United States. The tactics employed by the CCP are not new but are a continuation of strategies that have been in place for decades, demonstrating their enduring relevance.

One of the most significant areas of concern today is the CCP's infiltration of American universities. Between 2014 and 2019, Chinese state-owned entities donated at least $315 million to US universities, with $88 million coming from Chinese contractors and universities that assist the Chinese military in defense research.[10] These donations often come with strings attached, subtly influencing the academic environment and shaping the narrative around China and the CCP.

Furthermore, Confucius Institutes, funded by the PRC, are part of the CCP's global influence and propaganda apparatus. These institutes, present in universities around the world including the US, are known to censor content dealing with sensitive topics such as Taiwan and the Tiananmen Square massacre. They have been accused of being a platform for the CCP to spread its ideology and influence, under the guise of promoting Chinese language and culture.[11]

The CCP's infiltration tactics extend beyond academia as we have seen. A case in point is that of Fang Fang, also known as Christine Fang. Fang is a suspected operative for the CCP who has been linked to various politicians in the United States. She was particularly associated with Representative Eric Swalwell, a Democrat from California. Fang helped raise funds for Swalwell's 2014 House re-election campaign and even influenced a job hire in his congressional office.[12]

Fang reportedly continued her work as a fundraiser for Swalwell, convincing high-money donors to write large checks for the campaign, before unexpectedly leaving the US in mid-2015 amid an ongoing US intelligence investigation into her activities. Swalwell cut all ties with Fang after being alerted by the FBI to the investigation, but many Republicans have called for Swalwell's removal from the House Intelligence Committee.[13]

V. Implications and Global Response

The purported infiltration strategies of the CCP have the potential to profoundly impact global geopolitics, fundamentally reshaping the architecture of international power dynamics. The implications are far-reaching, from the destabilization of international relations to the posing of significant threats to national security, thereby sculpting the global political landscape. These tactics could instigate a realignment of alliances and partnerships, driven not by national interests but by personal manipulation or reciprocation. Moreover, these methods, designed to expose the information and assets of rival nations to the CCP, could potentially precipitate a novel form of cold war. This new cold war would be characterized not by explicit military confrontations, but by clandestine operations and campaigns of influence: information warfare.[14]

Within the sphere of international relations, such tactics could sow seeds of mistrust among nations, potentially obstructing collaboration on pivotal issues such as economic stability, trade, or public health. Specifically, the alleged infiltration into academia, if not addressed, could exacerbate the polarization of global intellectual discourse, with the potential to warp the free exchange of ideas and compromise academic liberty.[15] Moreover, it could further obscure the distinction between ideas originating from diverse Chinese perspectives and the doctrine of "socialism with Chinese characteristics"[16] propagated by the CCP. As this ideological control intensifies, it risks erasing the historical contributions of China's academic prowess and silencing the multitude of voices from history who have imparted their knowledge and narratives.

At the national stratum, the seepage of the CCP into political or corporate spheres could pose a significant threat to national security. Governments, businesses, and individuals might find their classified information and intellectual property under threat, thereby impacting a nation's economic competitiveness and defense capabilities.[17] Furthermore, the potential weaponization of these positions within a national framework could infringe upon the rights of the populace, especially if those compromised choose to manipulate their power or position for personal gain. This could manifest in various sectors, such as the judiciary system, supply chain, or food distribution - essentially anywhere with a vulnerability. Such a scenario could breed mistrust and instability across a vast array of sectors if it spreads unchecked. And when it comes to the CCP, a scarcity of resources is not a hurdle they face.

In response to these looming threats, numerous nations are intensifying their counterintelligence initiatives. Legislative measures such as the United States' Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA)[18] and Australia's Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme[19] are designed to mitigate potential foreign influence, including that from the CCP, within their sovereign territories. These proactive steps signify a global recognition of the need to safeguard national interests and maintain the integrity of domestic institutions against potential foreign interference, but will they be enough?

Nonetheless, it is imperative to strike a delicate balance between these security precautions and the preservation of individual liberties and international collaboration. Countermeasures should be meticulously targeted at specific entities implicated in misconduct, rather than being wielded as a tool to unjustly discriminate against or stigmatize an entire nation or culture. Amidst these formidable challenges, our collective endeavor should be to steadfastly uphold the tenets of openness, fairness, and respect for all individuals, irrespective of their nationality or ethnic heritage.

VI. Conclusion

As we have traversed the intriguing yet thorny path of the Chinese Communist Party's alleged infiltration tactics, it is crucial to recall the essential purpose of this exploration: not to engender a climate of fear or xenophobia, but to promote a nuanced understanding of the mechanisms at play in the complex game of global politics. This journey through history, from the Guomindang period to the present day, provides us with a window into the possible techniques used by the CCP to extend its influence, whether it be through universities, personal relationships, or political networks.

While it is necessary to be cognizant of potential threats to national security and intellectual freedom, it is equally important to resist the impulse to make sweeping generalizations about any nation or culture. Greater transparency, enhanced dialogue, and a commitment to mutual respect can help navigate these complexities without devolving into counterproductive suspicion or hostility.

Our exploration into the alleged infiltration methods of the CCP should serve as a tool for awareness and understanding, a reminder of the importance of maintaining vigilant yet open societies, where the exchange of ideas can occur without fear of manipulation or coercion. As the world continues to grapple with these challenges, it is our shared commitment to truth, respect, and mutual understanding that will guide us towards peaceful coexistence in our increasingly bridged world.

Sources

[1]"Chinese Communist Party." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed 2023 JUN 28. www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party.

[2]"History of Beijing Institute of Technology." Beijing Institute of Technology. Accessed 2023 JUN 29. https://english.bit.edu.cn/about2020/history2020/index.htm.

[3]"Museum." Beijing Institute of Technology. Accessed 2023 JUN 29. https://english.bit.edu.cn/campus1/museum/a187688.htm.

[4]"Library History." Peking University Library. Accessed 2023 JUN 29. https://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/portal/en/news/0000002315

[5]Kautilya. (1915). “Arthashastra” (R. Shamasastry, Trans.). Bangalore: Government Press. (Original work published 4th Century BC). Accessed 2023 JUN 30. Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/kautilya/

[6]Chang, E. (2007). Lust, Caution: The Story. (J. Lovell, Trans.; A. Lee, Afterword). Anchor Books.

[7]"Frontline: Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies: The Story of Katrina Leung." PBS. 2002. Accessed 2023 JUN 30. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/spy/leung/cron.html.

[8]"Report of Investigation: Katrina Leung and the Federal Bureau of Investigation." U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, 2006. Accessed 2023 JUN 29. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/s0605/final.pdf.

[9]"Suspected Russian spies charged in US." BBC News. 2010. Accessed 2023 JUN 30. https://www.bbc.com/news/10442223

[10]"Organizations Linked to Chinese Military Are a Cash Cow for American Colleges." Washington Free Beacon. 2021. Accessed on 2023 JUN 30. https://freebeacon.com/campus/organizations-linked-to-chinese-military-are-a-cash-cow-for-american-colleges/

[11]Edwards, L. “Confucius Institutes: China's Trojan Horse.” The Heritage Foundation. 2021. Accessed 2023 JUN 30. Retrieved from https://www.heritage.org/homeland-security/commentary/confucius-institutes-chinas-trojan-horse

[12]Reimann, Nicholas. "Here's What We Know About Rep. Swalwell's Connection to a Suspected Chinese Spy." Forbes. 2020. Accessed 2023 JUL 01. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2020/12/19/heres-what-we-know-about-rep-swalwells-connection-to-a-suspected-chinese-spy/?sh=385c8f772050

[13]Allen, Felix. "FROM CHINA WITH LOVE?" The Sun. 2020. Accessed 2023 JUL 01. https://www.the-sun.com/news/1938675/fang-fang-eric-swalwell-refuses-say-sex-chinese-spy-classified/

[14]China's Global Sharp Power Project. "China's Influence & American Interests: Promoting Constructive Vigilance." Hoover Institution. 2018. Accessed 2023 JUL 01 https://www.hoover.org/research/chinas-influence-american-interests-promoting-constructive-vigilance

[15]Hasson, Kathleen, Lt Col, USAF, GS. "The Chinese Communist Party's Insidious Infiltration." Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs. 2021. Accessed 2023 JUL 01. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jun/03/2002733799/-1/-1/0/HASSON.PDF

[16]Li, Gucheng. A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China. Chinese University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-962-201-615-6.

[17]Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community." 2021. pp. 6-8. Accessed 2023 JUL 01. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ATA-2021-Unclassified-Report.pdf

[18]The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Accessed 2023 JUN 30. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/the-committee-on-foreign-investment-in-the-united-states-cfius

[19]Australian Government Attorney-General's Department. "Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme." Accessed 30 JUN 2023. https://www.ag.gov.au/integrity/foreign-influence-transparency-scheme

The intertwining realms of money and blockchain technology continue to shape our world, with May 2023 marking a month of notable events that underscore the significance of these domains. By exploring the developments that unfolded during this period, we can gain a deeper understanding of their impact on the global stage and the implications they hold for the future.

First Republic Bank's Seizure and its Ripple Effect

The seizure and subsequent fire sale of First Republic Bank to JPMorgan on May 1, 2023, sent shockwaves through the financial world. This event highlighted the vulnerabilities of traditional banking institutions and served as a reminder of the need for alternative financial systems that offer enhanced security and decentralized control over assets.

Blockchain technology, with its immutable and transparent ledger, has the potential to address these concerns by providing a secure and efficient platform for financial transactions. The incident underscored the growing interest in blockchain as a means to revolutionize the financial industry and mitigate risks associated with centralized banking systems.

Source: AP News - "First Republic Bank seized, sold in fire sale to JPMorgan" [2023 01 MAY]

China's Expanding Ventures

China's collaboration with Saudi Aramco and Public Investment Fund (PIF) in setting up a joint venture to build a steel plant in Saudi Aramco showcases China's increasing influence in global industries. This partnership signifies China's growing economic prowess and its efforts to forge strategic alliances worldwide.

However, Chinese investment in Europe faced scrutiny during May as tighter regulations were implemented to curb Beijing's acquisitions, particularly due to concerns surrounding national security. The evolving dynamics highlight the complexities of global economic relationships and the need for countries to balance economic interests with national interests.

Source: Reuters - China's Baosteel, Saudi Aramco and Public Investment fund set up venture to build steel plant in Saudi Aramco [2023 MAY 01] and Firstpost - Chinese investment in Europe drops except for EV batteries as watchdogs tighten rules to stymie Beijing acquisitions [2023 MAY 09]

Confronting Issues in the Cryptocurrency Landscape

May witnessed significant developments in the cryptocurrency landscape, raising important questions regarding the intersection of digital currencies and global affairs. Israel's seizure of Binance crypto accounts aimed at thwarting potential funding for the Islamic State, showcasing the need for increased vigilance in monitoring cryptocurrency transactions for illicit activities.

Furthermore, Binance, one of the world's largest cryptocurrency exchanges, faced a Department of Justice probe over potential breaches of U.S. sanctions on Russia. This incident highlighted concerns about regulatory compliance within the cryptocurrency industry and the necessity for robust oversight to ensure the integrity and security of digital asset transactions.

Source: Reuters - Exclusive: Israel seized Binance crypto accounts to 'thwart' Islamic State, document shows [2023 MAY 05] and Cryptonews - Binance Faces DOJ Probe Over Possible Breach of US Sanctions on Russia [2023 MAY 06]

Geopolitical Dynamics and Financial Considerations

Reports of alleged collusion between Western banks and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) raised alarms in May, emphasizing the need for transparency and accountability within financial institutions. These allegations highlighted the potential risks associated with global financial systems and the importance of ensuring ethical and responsible practices.

Moreover, a Canada pension manager's decision to halt investments in China reflected shifting dynamics driven by concerns over economic stability and human rights issues. Such actions demonstrate the interconnectedness between geopolitics and financial considerations, where investors and institutions must navigate complex landscapes to align their investments with broader values and interests.

Source: The Diplomat - Western Banks' Collusion With the CCP Should Raise Alarms [2023 MAY 04] and China Economic Review - $158 billion Canada pension manager halts China investments [2023 MAY 12]

Blockchain's Role in Addressing Social Issues

May showcased the potential of blockchain technology to address pressing social challenges. The National Institutes of Health's decision to cut off funding to the Wuhan Institute of Virology highlighted the importance of transparency and accountability in scientific research. Blockchain's immutable ledger can provide a reliable and tamper-proof system for recording and verifying research data, ensuring trust and facilitating collaboration.

Additionally, the use of blockchain analysis in revealing global fentanyl sales shed light on the technology's potential in combating the opioid crisis. By tracing transactions on the blockchain, law enforcement agencies can gain insights into illicit drug flows, aiding in the fight against drug trafficking. These instances demonstrate the promising role that blockchain can play in promoting transparency and addressing societal issues.

Source: The Washington Times - National Institutes of Health cuts off Wuhan Institute of Virology from taxpayer funding [2023 MAY 17] and Chainalysis Blog - Crypto and the Opioid Crisis: What Blockchain Analysis Reveals About Global Fentanyl Sales [2023 MAY 24]

Conclusion

The events that transpired in May highlighted the ever-evolving landscape of money and blockchain technology. From the vulnerabilities of traditional financial systems to the geopolitical implications of global partnerships, these developments underscored the need for enhanced transparency, security, and decentralization. As we move forward, it is imperative to recognize the potential of blockchain technology in shaping our financial systems and addressing societal challenges. By staying informed and proactive, we can navigate this changing landscape and contribute to a more resilient and equitable future.

The Hong Kong Protests of 2019 captured global attention as citizens and supporters took to the streets in unprecedented numbers to express their concerns and fight for their rights. The events that unfolded in June played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of the movement. In this article, we will delve into the key protests that took place in June, highlighting their significance and the impact they had on Hong Kong and the world.

June 9 Protest: Millions Rally Against Extradition Bill

On June 9, an estimated one million Hong Kongers marched through the streets to voice their opposition to the proposed extradition bill. The bill, which would have allowed extradition to mainland China, raised fears of eroding Hong Kong's autonomy and compromising the freedoms enjoyed by its citizens. This peaceful demonstration marked the beginning of a groundswell of public discontent and ignited a larger movement demanding the bill's withdrawal.

June 12 Protest: Storming the Legislative Council

The June 12 protest witnessed a more confrontational approach as protesters clashed with the police outside the Legislative Council (LegCo) building. Thousands gathered to prevent the bill's second reading, and tensions escalated throughout the day. As clashes intensified, protesters attempted to storm the LegCo building, marking a significant escalation in the protest movement. The scenes of chaos and clashes with tear gas became emblematic of the determination and frustration felt by Hong Kongers.

June 16 Protest: Two Million Strong Call for Withdrawal

On June 16, an estimated two million protesters flooded the streets of Hong Kong, surpassing the previous demonstrations in scale and significance. This massive turnout showcased the resilience and determination of the Hong Kong people in their demand for the full withdrawal of the extradition bill. The sheer number of participants sent a powerful message to the government and the world, demonstrating the unity and resolve of the movement.

Impact and Aftermath

The June protests had a profound impact on the trajectory of the movement and Hong Kong's future. While the government eventually suspended the bill in response to public pressure, it failed to fully withdraw it, leading to continued unrest and demands for broader political reforms. The protests also highlighted deep-rooted grievances, including concerns about eroding civil liberties, police brutality, and the erosion of the "one country, two systems" principle.

Beyond Hong Kong's borders, the protests drew international attention and sparked debates on democracy, human rights, and China's influence. The movement garnered support from activists, politicians, and ordinary citizens worldwide, serving as a reminder of the importance of defending fundamental freedoms.

Conclusion

The June protests during the 2019 Hong Kong Protests were crucial moments in the movement's timeline. The massive turnouts, the confrontations with the police, and the unity displayed by millions of Hong Kongers exemplified their determination and unwavering commitment to protecting their rights and freedoms. The events of June galvanized the movement, inspiring further actions and shaping the ongoing fight for democracy and autonomy in Hong Kong.

As we reflect on the events that unfolded in June during the 2019 Hong Kong Protests, it is essential to remember the immense bravery demonstrated by countless individuals who fearlessly voiced their concerns, striving to preserve Hong Kong's status as a beacon of democracy in our world. Unfortunately, even today, the aftermath of these protests remains marked by the plight of imprisoned and missing protestors, as well as reports of suspicious incidents where individuals allegedly took their own lives while in police custody. These disheartening realities serve as a stark reminder that the fight for justice and freedom is far from over.

In the face of adversity, the protestors in Hong Kong displayed extraordinary courage, standing up for their rights and the values they hold dear. Their unwavering determination ignited a movement that captivated the world's attention and continues to inspire people worldwide. Their voices echoed through the streets of Hong Kong, demanding accountability, safeguarding civil liberties, and fighting against the erosion of the cherished "one country, two systems" principle.

It is crucial to acknowledge the sacrifices made by those who have faced imprisonment or disappearance in their pursuit of a more democratic Hong Kong. Their unwarranted suffering serves as a stark reminder of the challenges and risks involved in advocating for change. We honor their courage and remember their sacrifices, steadfast in our commitment to supporting their cause.

The fight for democracy and autonomy in Hong Kong is ongoing. As we commemorate the bravery of those who took to the streets in June, we must not lose sight of the importance of defending fundamental freedoms worldwide. The events of that month serve as a powerful reminder of the resilience of the human spirit and the indomitable nature of those who believe in the power of their voices to effect change.

Let us stand in solidarity with the people of Hong Kong, continuing to raise awareness, support their cause, and advocate for justice. Together, we can work towards a world where democracy and human rights are cherished, and the voices of the oppressed are heard and valued. The fight is far from over, and our collective efforts can make a difference.

Check out Pistachio's Video "Stand With Hong Kong, Fight For Freedom"

This book is recommended by Miles Guo. China has undergone significant changes in its history, and this is reflected in its many facets and trajectory from the dynastic system all the way through present day. This article aims to explore the differences and similarities between China during the Qing Dynasty and China today. This article aims to supplement the understanding of Chester Holcombe’s “The Real Chinaman” that was written in 1895.

Chinese Courts of Law:

The Qing Dynasty courts of law functioned very differently from Western systems of the time. It is considered by Holcombe to be the oldest judicial system in the world, and the system had complex functionality. It was not without its problems, and today there are still many ways the system can evolve to support the people of China.

Chinese people of Qing Dynasty were permitted at any time of the day to come to the residences of the magistrates, or local officials, and plead a case. The magistrates were required by law to hear any case, according to Holcombe, “without fear, favor, fee, or reward.” It was called the “The Metropolitan Department of Investigation. “圖查院” (Tú chá yuàn), or “the Censorate.” In theory, cases from anyone in the entire empire, regardless of economic or social class, could be considered for fair trial and escalated to higher courts and even the Emperor when necessary. A case even against the Emperor could be brought forth in this court.

The code of laws, which was frequently revised according to Holcombe, included different kinds and grades of punishments for crimes, and would increase in severity upon repetition of a given offense, not unlike in Western courts. However, some individuals such as astronomers were not subject to the same consideration for reasons unknown to the author. Juries and lawyers did not exist within the system, but an unofficial group of court-goers referred to as “searchers” were frequently involved as they would find preceding cases that had similar circumstances that could help in the determination of a case’s adjudication. Because all manner of case history and results could be used as evidence given the long-reaching history and numerous rulings over time, the employment of these “searchers” was widely sought as the reports submitted by them could result in a favorable court outcome, which had to be secured for a fee of course. In addition, these individuals were also used as a go-between when bribery was to be accepted by a magistrate. Even a system as old and developed as this was not without levels of corruption.

Other flaws of the system included extortion and injustice, although magistrates were seen as a whole by the author to be just and fair. However, upon being presented with a case, it was not uncommon for individuals involved to be taken in by the magistrate and beaten for false testimony to extort truth as confessions were important elements in determining a crime. Additionally, although torture was legally prohibited, it was commonplace for these extortion tactics. What’s more, imprisonment did not function as a type of punishment from the ruling of a case but was rather a requirement for those waiting for the finalization of a case’s result. Typically, these locations were called “detention centers” “拘留中心” (jū liú zhōng xīn), a name that still exists today in China.

Punishments during the Qing dynasty were severe according to today’s standards and varied depending on the crime. Common punishments according to Holcombe included flogging, wearing a cangue “刑具” (xíng jù), branding/tattooing, exile, and execution. Execution could be carried out in three ways: strangulation, decapitation, and slicing, in order of severity. Capital punishments were inflicted on serious crimes such as treason, murder, and robbery. Punishments such as amputation or cutting off a queue also existed and were used as a form of shaming the individual and making it difficult to find work or social acceptance.

Lastly, suicide was seen as very different from Western nations, which typically see it against religious or moral beliefs. During this time, it was seen as more honorable to commit suicide depending on the crime, and occurred especially among higher officials who were expected to be executed. Holcombe details in the book the cultural difference of the way court etiquette was presented. Most poignantly he mentions individuals could be flogged for contempt of court if they brought forth a case without enough causation, which also served to encourage the public to handle matters civilly among themselves when possible.

Later in history during the Maoist period from 1949 to 1978, the government had a negative view of a formal legal system and saw the law as limiting their power. The legal system was attacked, courts were closed, law schools shut down, and legal professionals were forced to change careers or were sent to the countryside for “re-education.” In the mid-1950s, the government attempted to import a socialist legal system based on the Soviet Union, but from 1957 to 1976, the legal system in China was extremely limited, which resulted in many atrocities many were not held culpable for. In 1979, Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) changed this policy and implemented a so-called "open door" policy to support economic growth through a useful legal system.

Today, the legal system in China is known as the Socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics. It governs mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, which officially have separate legal traditions and systems. Hong Kong and Macau, as Special Administrative Regions, are required to observe the constitution and basic laws, but can maintain their legal systems from colonial times. These legal systems are being increasingly encroached on, which is prevalently seen in the implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law in 2020.

The CCP legal system of today is based on “civil law” and has roots in the Great Qing Code and other historical systems, including the influence of Continental European legal systems such as the German civil law system in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is based on the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and a series of laws and regulations which are revised every five years. Most will recall in 2018 one of the main revisions included the removal of term limits for President and Vice President.

The courts are responsible for interpreting and applying the law, and they have the power to hear civil and criminal cases, as well as cases involving administrative disputes. However, there remains rampant levels of corruption within all levels of the system, and frequently individuals can be bribed and extorted. The CCP’s legal system has been criticized for its lack of transparency, due process, and judicial independence. The party-state's influence in the legal system, including false accusations, the use of administrative detention (especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic), the lack of protection of human rights, and censorship of the media are among the issues that have been raised. China is currently in a period of transition as its legal system continues to evolve, and some scholars describe it as "rule by law" rather than "rule of law."

There is also evidence of infiltration into the US judicial system and governmental apparatus by the CCP, which is known to pursue overwhelming legal tactics against individuals when traditional BGY tactics are not influential enough. Many of the current legal cases Miles Guo has been subjected to, many of which are still ongoing, highlight the extent the CCP is willing to go to manipulate fair systems for their own benefit. The Chinese people continue to work towards a system based on democracy and rule of law through the actions of the New Federal State of China (NFSC), Rule of Law Foundation (ROLF), and Rule of Law Society (ROLS).

(To Be Continued) - Part 5 Coming Soon!

Thank you for reading, all are welcome to discuss or correct any mistakes in this article, or express your opinions, in the comments!

Gettr: @pistachiomygod
Gettr: @holynuts

Check out the live stream discussion of Chapter 9 on GETTR

"The Real Chinaman" is a memoir written by Chester Holcombe, an American journalist who lived in China during the late 19th century. The book provides a unique perspective on China during the waning years of the Qing Dynasty, a time of great political, social, and cultural change.

Holcombe's memoir offers a firsthand account of the complex realities of Chinese society, including the imperial court, the opium trade, and the Boxer Rebellion. He provides insights into the challenges faced by both China and the Western powers that sought to engage with it.

Through his experiences and observations, Holcombe paints a vivid picture of life in China during a time of great upheaval. His writing is engaging and informative, bringing to life the people, places, and events of the time. The book raises important questions about the nature of power, the challenges of cross-cultural understanding, and the complexities of navigating a rapidly changing world.

SUPPLEMENT 1 EN/ CN

SUPPLEMENT 2 EN/CN

SUPPLEMENT 3 EN/CN

SUPPLEMENT 4 EN/CN

SUPPLEMENT 5 EN/CN [COMING SOON]

SUPPLEMENT 6 EN/CN [COMING SOON]

SESSION A: 03 DEC 2022

SESSION B: 10 DEC 2022

SESSION C: 17 DEC 2022

SESSION D: 14 JAN 2023

SESSION E: 28 JAN 2023

SESSION F: 05 FEB 2023

"Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio" is a collection of supernatural stories written by Pu Songling during the late Qing Dynasty in China. The book is divided into two volumes and contains over 500 stories that explore themes of love, morality, and the supernatural.

The stories are a blend of Taoist and Buddhist beliefs, Chinese folklore, and the author's own imagination. Each story is unique and offers a glimpse into the intricacies of Chinese culture and society during the time in which they were written. Some of the most famous stories in the collection include "Painted Skin," "The Taoist Priest of Mount Lao," and "The Lady in Green."

Pu's writing is descriptive and imaginative, bringing to life the supernatural creatures and phenomena that populate the stories. Through his tales, readers are transported to a world of ghosts, demons, and magic, and given a glimpse into the beliefs and values of the people of ancient China.

Session A：07 OCT 2022

Session B: 16 OCT 2022

Session C: 22 OCT 2022

Session D: 05 NOV 2022

12 NOV 2022

"The Last Chinese Chef" is a novel that follows Maggie McElroy, a young American food writer who travels to Beijing to write an article on Chinese cuisine and meets Sam Liang, a talented American chef who is competing in a prestigious culinary competition during the Beijing Olympics by creating authentic Chinese food. As Maggie explores the world of Chinese cuisine with Sam, she begins to uncover new dimensions of both her late husband and herself.

The book delves into themes of identity, culture, and the intersection of food and family. Mones provides a vivid and nuanced portrayal of Chinese cuisine, exploring both traditional dishes and immersing the reader in the environment of modern Beijing. Through Maggie and Sam's experiences, readers are given a glimpse into the complexities of Chinese culture and the power of food to bring people together.

Session A: 02 SEP 2022

Session B: 03 SEP 2022

"Wild Swans" is a memoir that chronicles the lives of three generations of women in China, from the early 1900s to the late 20th century. Written by Jung Chang, the book provides a unique perspective on China's tumultuous history, including the Japanese invasion, the rise of communism, and the Cultural Revolution. Through the stories of her grandmother, mother, and herself, Chang explores the impact of these historical events on the lives of ordinary Chinese people.

The book is a detailed and nuanced portrayal of life in China during some of the most turbulent periods in its history. Chang's writing is vivid and evocative, bringing to life the people, places, and events of the time. "Wild Swans" offers a glimpse into a world that is both familiar and alien, and provides a powerful reminder of the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity.

Session A: 05 AUG 2022

Session B: 13 AUG 2022

A version of this article was originally posted on 10 MAY 2020 on Stand with Freedom Blogger

Updated JULY 2024

PLEASE NOTE: SINCE THE WRITING OF THIS ARTICLE, IMPORT RESTRICTIONS FOR PETS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO HAVE NEVER BEEN INSIDE THE USA BEFORE, HAS CHANGED. PLEASE MAKE SURE TO RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS THOROGHLY

Living in China has its benefits, but also its complications. If at some point, you don’t see yourself wanting to stay much longer in the country, most people need to start a lengthy preparation process.

Something that often becomes a hardship is transporting pets. As a result, some people abandon their pets in their haste to leave, which is painful for both human and animal alike.

Luckily, we went through the process already and lay out all the steps to make this fast, efficient, and gives you an idea of how much time you need to start preparing the move out.

Some things you should know before reading this article:

1. In China,"pets" are considered dogs and cats, with some exceptions made for large exotic pets. If you have a pet that is a rodent, like a rabbit or ferret, Chinese regulations will NOT allow you to take this animal with you. As a result, you should think very carefully about adopting this kind of animal if you ever plan on leaving China. (Rabbits are the most abandoned animal in China among foreigners as a result of this.)
2. This article involves moving a small (under 20 lbs.), not spayed, female dog from Mainland China to the U.S. (a high rabies country to moderate rabies country) on a Chinese airline. We have also include the information needed for cats in this article. If you are moving your pet to a RABIES FREE country (like Japan or Australia), the process is different and longer for the individuals involved. Usually, a quarantine period of 6 months is required for these animals upon entrance to these countries, and other specific requirements are needed.
3. If your pet is registered as an Emotional Support Animal (ESA), you still must obtain these documents to have your pet leave China, even if the animal is originally from another country. These documents are required for import and export requirements, and are not just a matter of airline access. ESAs are still permitted to remain in the cabin with their owners with proper documentation on Chinese airlines at the time of this article being written.
4. We have put these steps in the order we recommend doing them to utilize your time best. Cost, amount of time needed, and notes are included for each step, but please keep in mind these may have varied since the process took place.

1. Vaccines and Vaccination Immunity Document

Passport Picture

This is a 2”x 2” picture of your pet (face and body) with a white background.

COST: 15 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: No more than 12 months, no less than 30 days

TIME TO DO: Printed within a few hours

Note: We took our dog's photo at home and photoshopped the background white, and then had several printed.

Vaccines

• Rabies* REQUIRED BY ALL (1 year) Note: If your pet is being vaccinated for the first time, you must wait at least 6 months before they can leave the country
• Canine Distemper (DOG)
• Parvovirus (DOG）
• Coronavirus (DOG）
• Feline Distemper (CAT)
• Peritonitis (CAT)
• Leucopenia (CAT)
• Kennel Cough-Nasal injection
• Microchip - Recommended - COST: 150 RMB (we did this ourselves)

Vaccine Records

COST：600 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: A little over a month ahead of time

TIME TO DO: An hour in total for the appointment (local)

Note: Prices vary, for our dog's vaccines this weighed more towards an expensive rate at the time

2. Health Certificate from Certified Vet (Signed and Stamped)

COST：75 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: No more than 30 days, no less than 10 days

TIME TO DO: Not considering commute time, body check took about 20 minutes total

Note: We went to a government approved veterinary hospital in our province's capital. After performing a full body check, they gave us a form that explains the quality of health of the pet, signed and stamped by the vet.

3. Health Examination and Certificate at Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau

Acquire Transit Permit

COST: 0 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: ALL previous steps must be completed first

TIME TO DO: Few hours total, finished before lunch

Note: We went to the our town's Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, and the whole process was relatively smooth. We had to walk around to several offices, but essentially we submitted the Health Certificate and Vaccination Immunity Document and a picture of our dog. She was given a quick examination in the Quarantine area, which she passed. Then we returned to get the Transit Permit.

However, there were some problems with processing the cargo type ["Dog"], so the Bureau recommended using an Import/Export Company that was right next-door, where they processed the Transit Permit for us.

Using Import/Export Company for Transit Permit

COST: 200 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: Proof of passing quarantine requirements (previous step)

TIME TO DO: Under 30 minutes

Note: It was inputted into the China Customs system, and we just went back to the Bureau to get the official Animal Health Certificate, which is presented to the airport and U.S. Customs to allow our dog to leave China and enter the U.S.

4. Prepare Crate

Crate requirements: Pet needs to be able to stand up and turn around in the crate, must have ventilation on all four sides, should also have an area on the bottom inside that removes where liquid can pass under so your pet is not sitting in urine.

Recommended: Use pet hardware to assemble the crate (not pictured below), not any plastic or easily breakable nuts and bolts.

(61cm*40cm*39cm,net weight 3.0kg,suitable for pets under 10kg)

COST: About 120 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: As soon as you need to prepare your pet for getting used to the crate, we recommend at least a month of training. Shopping took about 4 days for all of the items purchased.

TIME TO DO: About 1 hour to set up the crate

Items for outside the crate:

LABELS:

• Time your pet was last "walked" (poop and pee)
• Time your pet was last fed and watered
• Your pet's name
• Your name and phone number (we included a luggage tag). COST: 9.80 RMB
• Any special conditions pet has (anxiety, aggression, hyperactivity, etc.)
• Any medications you have given your pet (we recommend not giving any to your pet before a flight unless absolutely necessary)
• Picture of you and your pet together
• Photocopy of Animal Health Certificate attached to side of crate
• FRAGILE [red] stickers on each side and top of the crate COST: 1.00 RMB ea.
• LIVE ANIMAL [green] stickers with arrows point UP on each side and top of crate (no arrows on top)

ALL OF THESE LABELS WERE PRINTED ON STANDARD A4 PAPER AND TAPED TO THE SIDES EXCEPT FOR FRAGILE STICKERS I ORDERED.

• Small bag of pet's food (attach to front of crate door) COST: 0 RMB (already had)

Items for inside the crate:

1. Water dispenser and food dish (attached to front of crate door) you need to access without having to open the crate - for dogs also add ice to water dispenser COST: About 35 RMB
2. Pee pad (goes under removable bottom area) COST: 55 RMB pack of 50
3. A soft blanket or something that makes your pet more comfortable COST: 0 RMB
   (came with crate, normally 20-50 RMB)
4. An article of clothing that smells like you (helps with comforting them) Note: I also put a sweater on my dog ahead of time to make sure she wouldn’t get cold on the plane, but this is dependent on your pet. Do not put anything constricting on your pet, and do not place anything in the crate that could cause them to choke like chew treats or toys

Other considerations:

1. Leash and/or collar taped strongly to the side of the crate (do not block the air holes) COST: 0 RMB (already had)
2. Optional: include a muzzle with the leash and/or collar if you have one COST: About 20 RMB
3. Optional: Luggage strap to go around the whole crate COST: 9.9 RMB
4. Zip ties to seal your pet's crate door shut at the airport COST: 10 RMB for 100

5. Call the Airline

COST: 0 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: As soon as you book your flight and know your pet will be traveling with you

TIME TO DO: Phone call took about 20 minutes, waited one business day for confirmation

Notes：

• We used China Southern Airlines, so when you call you are required to tell them the size of your crate (must be under 90x60x66cm max.), the breed and type of pet (no snub-nose breeds allowed), the weight of the crate and pet together (under 32 kg max.), your flight information, and your personal information. You will receive a confirmation via text if your pet is allowed to board the flight with you. Every airline is different, but we had a good experience with CSA, so we recommend using them.
• For China Southern Airlines, you must also purchase an additional baggage voucher for a pet. Purchasing this ahead of time online is cheaper than waiting until you get to the airport, but both are an option. You cannot use your pet as one of your allotted bags.

6. Check State Requirements (U.S. only)

COST: 0 RMB

TIME TO PREPARE: As soon as you book your flight and know your pet will be traveling with you

TIME TO DO: A few minutes of searching on the internet

Note: For example, we flew into a state that required to have a Heartworm-negative pet. We had proof that we supplied our dog with Heartguard medication each month, although this was never checked. This is also supplied on the medical check form.

7. Go to the Airport

COST: No additional cost than Plane ticket, Baggage Voucher cost, and fare if you take a taxi

TIME TO PREPARE: At least 4 hours before your flight

TIME TO DO: About 20-30 minutes to check-in bags and pet

Notes:

• Bring a pen or marker to write the times needed on the outside of your pet's crate (see above)
• Make sure you have ALL your required documents and photocopies of each with you at all times. (Folders are helpful)
• Have your pet go to the bathroom right before placing them in the crate for the last time if you can.
• Have your pet eat right before placing them in the crate for the last time if you can. (They might be too nervous for several hours after they are in the airport/plane to eat)
• Get your boarding pass with your pet - the airline will have you fill out a waiver form here for your pet and weigh it.
• Pack your pet up with netting and rope supplied by the airport, the airline will advise you.
• Bring your pet to Oversized Luggage after you have received your boarding pass and make sure you get a Baggage Tag/Receipt (they will attach one to your pet’s crate as well).
• As you are boarding the plane, ask one of the flight attendants if they can remind the captain to keep the temperature of the cargo the same as the cabin because your pet is there (this is standard when pets are checked in, but it never hurts to be sure).
• When you land - have U.S. Customs check your Animal Health Certificate, then pick up your pet at the Oversized Luggage area when you pick up the rest of your luggage.

**Make sure that your flight is DIRECT, otherwise you will need to also follow any requirements for importing pets at any stopover you have for your flight, unless all flights are through the same airline.**

Take your pet outside as quickly as possible to use the bathroom and stretch their legs.

A version of this article was originally published on 01 AUG 2020 under the title “How could the Chinese government do these to their own people?” on Stand with Freedom Blogger

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has committed atrocities, including their treatment of Uighurs involved in live organ harvesting and their response to the Hong Kong protests. The common person’s reaction may be, “how could the Chinese government do these to their own people?” This can be frustrating, especially when informing about something like the Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19).

As General Robert Spalding has written and spoken about, the CCP is disguised as the “government of China:” an entity that represents the people. In turn, there is difficulty for non-dictatorial citizens to comprehend that a government can act like the Mafia.

However, if you think about it through a Western lens using pop culture references people comprehend easier, it stats to make sense. Let's think about the world as if it were like "Lord of the Rings" (the film versions to make things easier for you). So, in this example, China is like the Kingdom of Rohan and the United States of America is like Gondor.

Imagine that King Theoden represents the “government of China.”
The CCP, and its leader Xi Jinping, represent Grima Wormtongue, the one who corrupts and controls the king, and Saruman as Wang Qishan & the Gang of Jiang Zemin, who control Grima Wormtongue.

It becomes very simple to understand: the corrupted King Theoden can perform horrible actions against his own people, because that is the goal of Saruman. We know now that Saruman and his forces have already launched a frontal assault, and the people outside need to acknowledge what is happening so the people of Rohan can be helped.

Steven "Gandalf" Bannon & Kyle “Legolas” Bass have already awoken the people of Gondor; the final battle at the Black Gate of Mordor soon will arrive.

A version of this article was originally published on 05 AUG 2020 on Stand with Freedom Blogger

Not only can a glimpse encapsulate a person, but it can ignite a kaleidoscope of individual emotions. A further appreciation is to make art, and with it stems another set of sensations. There is a feeling of connection and individuality experienced in unison which speaks at a deeper level than language: a way to communicate thoughts and emotions.

Destroying art connects to a deeper part of a person, too. It means something more than ravaging beauty: it is an attempt to eradicate freedom of thought and the ability to express it. Two very stark examples should come to mind: first is the “degenerate art” movement that took place during Hitler’s dictatorship. Countless pieces were destroyed, and others taken to “enrich” the regime. For instance, in 2013, a trove of $1.35 billion in Nazi-seized art was found,1 but many pieces remain missing to this day.

The second example has been an ongoing process: the steady and systematic seizure and destruction of art by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Instead of exclusively destroying well-known pieces, all art is demolished and artists are promptly arrested and/or detained.

This is because the CCP refuses for thoughts to be expressed freely; all must abide by its censorship and information control, which is seen as an ongoing problem to the rest of the world.2 It wishes to control every thought of the Chinese people so it can limit their actions and ability to fight for themselves, while destroying creativity and originality. Who embodies these qualities more so than artists? After “containment,” the government can do whatever it wants with little to no interference from the common folk (even if it is detrimental).

Artists at this moment are working against the grasp of the CCP around their lives, like Beijing-based artist Li Jinshan who was forcibly evicted from his home and art studio during the official second wave of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus. This was due to corruption of the land system in China (another topic that can be endlessly elaborated on) and the current position of art in Chinese society, which was once a noble profession that is now considered unprofitable and individualistic. How was the CCP able to change a country that once cherished creativity?

It all originated with a little red book: the ignition of the Cultural Revolution. Some artists at this time were arrested and forced into labor, like Lin Fengmian (Lin Fengming, 1900-1991), a painter who studied in France and worked to increase multicultural appreciation of art in China.

He personally destroyed many of his own paintings, but was still later imprisoned. He was able to survive and eventually flee to live out his life in Hong Kong but many of his artist friends committed suicide.3 However. even today, with the introduction of the new Hong Kong Security Law,4 Hong Kong is not a safe haven for artists to flee.

There are other artists who continue to struggle with government intervention today, like Yan Zhengxue who creates art to expose human rights violations and the corruption of the government; he has been detained, beaten, arrested and forced to work at a labor camp. Some artists will form mutual agreements with the local government to avoid these kinds of situations to continue their art unhindered, yet they all are eventually attacked for being artists. No artist is safe from this eradication of individual ideas. Artists have even died from their captivity and forced labor as well, like Pan Tianshou (1897-1971) who was a traditional Chinese painter. After being compelled to partake in “struggle sessions,”5 he was forced to work while he had failing health, which eventually led to his death.

Artists are targeted because the CCP limits the freedom of the Chinese people and makes it so they can only think in the same narrow threshold, which makes them easy to control. So, the CCP destroys their works, uproots them from their homes, and does everything it can to silence them and keep them from influencing others. It tries to break their wills. Now, when thinking of dictatorships aiming to control every aspect of a people, do they typically stop at their country’s borders? Well, let’s look at Hong Kong. Many countries have publicly disapproved of the Hong Kong Security Act 6 because they know if the CCP gets what it wants, everyone would fall in line under its rule. It would demand everyone follow the regulations and requirements they demand of the Chinese people, and it is closer to accomplishing this than it has ever been. Realizing a dictatorial regime has the power to influence your everyday life directly can be shocking, but it is the first step to stopping it from becoming a reality. Being aware of these happenings can result in efforts against this threat and can help the people already subjected to it.

Art remains one of the few things that connects people during times of instability and makes them stronger. It is a way for us to look back upon history and culture, and when any authority tries to exert power over people and represses them from expressing their own thoughts and opinions, it is a mark of a totalitarian regime that will stop at nothing to attain power and control. Every aspect of every person’s life is endangered when this type of entity exists, and it’s happening right now. The people of the world need to protect democracy and freedom of thought and expression, and work towards exposing those who oppress it. Let’s start with protecting art: this is our fight, too.

Sources

1. “Over $1.35 billion in Nazi art found hidden behind 'mountains of rotting food' by Aaron Souppouris https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/4/5063996/nazi-art-seizure-cornelius-gurlitt2.
2. “China 17 August 2006: Official press reports new restrictions on online video” by Reporters Without Borders https://web.archive.org/web/20061123195357/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=185793.
3. Mingyuan Hu: Fou Lei: An Insistence on Truth. Leiden: Brill (2017)
4. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-527658385.
5. Lipman, Jonathan Neaman; Harrell, Stevan (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. pp. 154–157.
6. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/world-reacts-china-national-security-law-hong-kong-200630114703819.html

Originally publish on 27 AUG 2020 on Stand with Freedom Blogger

So far this year, the U.S. has seen millions of people demonstrating support of black lives, has had multiple articles published about the rising tensions caused by “political correctness,” and had an attempt to oust the current President because of his “racist” inclinations. In addition, in recent years performing and visual art attendance has increased³ and a higher focus towards art and culture in schools has been implemented. If you asked the average American, they would probably consider themselves informed on important matters affecting the world today. Yet, there are other governments, such as in China, consistently defining Americans as ignorant and selfish, and not many choose to question it. Why is such a statement, which Americans would find mostly untrue, working to deceive others so easily, especially when something like being culturally aware and racially accepting is the apex of every conversation from American pop culture to political debates?

Most people nowadays are aware of the Black Lives Matter Movement, and some of their accomplishments: from getting a street and plaza renamed to involving 500,000 people in protests all over the U.S. during the COVID-19 outbreak. Today, protests are still raging in Chicago, Portland, and New York, with no resolution on the horizon. Race and culture have been on a sliding spectrum from racist, culturally appropriating and stereotypical to supportive and culturally aware. It’s a slippery slope for many, and news sources are quick to feed anyone to the wolves if they slip too far into a racist or insensitive sentiment. Hopefully in the future, we all learn to not take everything seriously, but it’s safe to say that tensions are at all time high about whether something is “politically correct” or not, as most Americans want to be supportive and not be mistaken for ignorant.

On the other side of the world, you have the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that has stated the U.S. is more ignorant than ever. In a recent article, state-media accused the U.S. population of being swept up by a new “Red Scare” fear-mongering and are unable to make “informed decisions” about China, especially, because they “don't study Chinese and don't know about China.” Rhetoric like this is quite common from the CCP, and with tensions escalating between the U.S. and China since the commencement of the trade war, there has been a steady increase of it on both television and radio all over the country.

Now, to be fair, the U.S. has been ignorant about China for some time now. In Brigadier General Robert Spalding (U.S. Air force, Retired)’s book Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept, it goes in-depth about how a blind eye has been turned to many CCP issues, such as how they have advanced their military by stealing U.S. intellectual property and have infiltrated our science laboratories. The U.S has also been ignoring the gross human rights violations occurring in Xinjiang against the Uighurs (including sterilizing woman and performing forced abortions, child abuse, and live organ harvesting), the spyware installed in Huawei devices and on Chinese apps like TikTok and Wechat, and how, although done quietly, CCP members have been systematically buying mass amounts of U.S. property and have acquired more than billions in assets from the U.S. since 2002. Only earlier this year were the funds from the Thrift Savings Plan limited from being invested into Chinese companies.

As a reminder, this is the Chinese Communist Party we are talking about, meaning they own a percentage of every Chinese business. So, where does this percentage of revenue go that the CCP is entitled to? It’s difficult to say, but something to consider is that in 2018, China’s Defense Budget had increased 850% from the previous 20 years (an increase from $20 billion to $170 billion according to China) and in 2020 it is now at $178.2 billion. How can a country support that kind of increase in their budget without a newly tapped source of funds? Where could the funds be coming from? To clarify, the CCP has a lot to gain if the U.S. remains ignorant about what they are doing so they can continue with profiting off U.S. citizens and the economy. A combination of tactics is used to keep the Americans from understanding the CCP’s true intentions: controlling information from leaving their country (like how they kept information about the Wuhan Novel Coronavirus from the rest of the world in an act of blatantly allowing spread) and attempting to silent all individuals speaking out against them. American’s must also understand that a government does not equal a country and its people; it can actually do many things the people do not approve of, especially in non-democratic nations.

So the question is, are Americans as ignorant as the CCP says? The CCP has both directly and indirectly threatened the integrity and safety of all world citizens: normally these consequences would be immense to bear. The U.S., which has been reported as being at one of its most divided times, will need to unite citizens to encourage freedom and understanding, like the Hongkongese who have recently come under attack by the CCP, like Apple Daily owner Jimmy Lai, due to the new Hong Kong National Security Law. Despite the increasing danger, protesters are still making five clear demands to the government so that Hong Kong citizens are entitled to the same democracy the U.S. has and is meant to upload.

We are living in a time where information has never flowed more freely (except in countries where they censor, like China) and Americans are learning how to make more informed decisions than ever. They have proven they want to support people of all backgrounds, cultures, and creeds. However, if there is a government easily convincing 1.6 billion people or more that Americans are ignorant and uncultured, can they really say that they are succeeding in creating change? This question can only be answered with action: to improve the U.S. through peace, to eliminate the threats to essential values like Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Expression, and to better our lives with happiness and sincerity. This is our fight, too.

Works Cited (in order of appearance):

1. Buchanan, Larry, et al. “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 3 July 2020, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
2. Totman, Peter. “We Need to Talk about Political Correctness.” Research World, ESOMAR, 17 Apr. 2020, www.researchworld.com/we-need-to-talk-about-political-correctness/.
3. Hutter, Victoria. “New Report on Arts Attendance Shows Gains.” NEA, NEA, 25 Sept. 2018, www.arts.gov/news/2018/new-report-arts-attendance-shows-gains.
4. Kisida, Brian, and Daniel H. Bowen. “New Evidence of the Benefits of Arts Education.” Brookings, Brookings, 12 Feb. 2019, www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2019/02/12/new-evidence-of-the-benefits-of-arts-education/.
5. CBS New York. “Long Island Street Renamed 'Black Lives Matter Way'.” CBS New York, CBS New York, 26 June 2020, newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/06/26/village-of-hempstead-black-lives-matter-way/.
6. Johnson, Marty. “Bowser Addresses Record Crowd at Black Lives Matter Plaza.” TheHill, The Hill, 6 June 2020, thehill.com/homenews/administration/501489-bowser-addresses-record-crowd-at-black-lives-matter-plaza.
7. Kaur, Harmeet, and Lauren del Valle. “Virginia Mayor Urged to Resign after Allegedly Saying Joe Biden Picked 'Aunt Jemima' as His VP.” CNN, Cable News Network, 5 Aug. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/08/05/us/virginia-mayor-biden-aunt-jemima-trnd/index.html.
8. Chen Weihua (孙晓宇). “Fear-Mongering over Learning Chinese Is like Spreading Poison.” ChinaDaily.com.cn, ChinaDaily.com.cn, 14 Aug. 2020, www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202008/14/WS5f35cc0fa310834817260370.html?s=09.
9. Editor. “China Expat Population: Stats and Graphs.” Sampi.co, SAMPi Marketing Ltd, 24 Oct. 2018, sampi.co/china-expat-population-statistics/.
10. Greene, Felix. “China Unobserved; A CURTAIN OF IGNORANCE: How the American Public Has Been Mis­Informed About China.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 Aug. 1964, www.nytimes.com/1964/08/23/archives/china-unobserved-a-curtain-of-ignorance-how-the-american-public-has.html.
11. Spalding, Robert Stanley, and Seth Kaufman. Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept. Portfolio/Penguin, 2019.
12. Lucas, Ryan. “DOJ Charges 2 Suspected Chinese Hackers Who Allegedly Targeted COVID-19 Research.” NPR, NPR, 21 July 2020, www.npr.org/2020/07/21/893832580/doj-charges-2-suspected-chinese-hackers-who-allegedly-targeted-covid-19-research#:~:text=The%20Justice%20Department%20announced%20charges,trade%20secrets%20and%20intellectual%20property.
13. Har, Janie. “Chinese Researcher Charged with US Visa Fraud in Custody.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 27 July 2020, www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/07/25/chinese-researcher-charged-us-visa-fraud-custody/5509253002/.
14. Bostock, Bill. “China Is Forcibly Sterilizing Uighur Women and Giving Them Unwanted Abortions in a Mission to Purge the Muslim Minority, Report Says.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 29 June 2020, www.businessinsider.com/china-forcibly-sterilizing-uighur-women-xinjiang-abortions-contraception-ap-2020-6.
15. Cheong, Ian Miles. Chinese Communism. Twitter, Twitter, 6 Aug. 2020, twitter.com/stillgray/status/1291463623101956096.
16. Werleman, CJ. “More Uyghur Horror: Harvesting Hundreds of Thousands of Organs from Mass Murder.” Byline Times, Byline Media Holdings Ltd, Byline Times & Yes We Work Ltd, 4 Dec. 2019, bylinetimes.com/2019/11/26/more-uyghur-horror-harvesting-hundreds-of-thousands-of-organs-from-mass-murder/.
17. Gartenberg, Chaim. “Donald Trump Extends Huawei Ban through May 2021.” The Verge, The Verge, 13 May 2020, www.theverge.com/2020/5/13/21257675/trump-extends-huawei-ban-may-2021-china-us-android-google-telecom.
18. Altieri, Richard, and Benjamin Della Rocca. “Trump Signs Ban on TikTok, WeChat; U.S. Officials Report Chinese Election Interference.” Lawfare, The Lawfare Institute in Cooperation with Brookings, 18 Aug. 2020, www.lawfareblog.com/trump-signs-ban-tiktok-wechat-us-officials-report-chinese-election-interference.
19. Passy, Jacob. “The Chinese Purchase More U.S. Residential Real Estate than Buyers from Any Other Foreign Country, but Trump's Trade War May Change That.” MarketWatch, MarketWatch, 16 May 2019, www.marketwatch.com/story/chinese-investors-buy-more-us-residential-real-estate-than-any-other-country-but-trumps-trade-war-could-soon-end-that-2019-05-15#:~:text=In%202018%20dollars%2C%20Chinese%20buyers,Canada%20was%20No.&text=Of%20the%20284%2C000%20properties%20sold,were%20bought%20by%20Chinese%20nationals.
20. Public Citizen. “Chinese Investment in the United States Database.” Public Citizen, Public Citizen Inc., 30 Apr. 2019, www.citizen.org/article/chinese-investment-in-the-united-states-database/.
21. Swanson, Ana. “Federal Retirement Fund Halts Planned China Investment Under Pressure.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 13 May 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/business/economy/china-tsp-federal-retirement-fund.html.
22. Jha, Lalit K. “China's Defence Budget Increases 850% over 20 Years: Top Pentagon Official.” Livemint, Livemint, 5 Dec. 2019, www.livemint.com/news/world/china-s-defence-budget-increases-850-over-20-years-top-pentagon-official-11575566691385.html.
23. Song, Lin. “New US Blacklist Targeting Chinese Firms Is Insane and Ignorant: Experts.” Global Times, Global Times, 25 June 2020, www.globaltimes.cn/content/1192658.shtml.
24. Manchester, Julia. “Analyst Says US Is Most Divided since Civil War.” TheHill, CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP., 3 Oct. 2018, thehill.com/hilltv/what-americas-thinking/409718-analyst-says-the-us-is-the-most-divided-since-the-civl-war.
25. Manchester, Julia. “Jimmy Lai's Arrest Is a Blow to Press Freedom in Hong Kong.” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, 3 Oct. 2018, www.economist.com/china/2020/08/15/jimmy-lais-arrest-is-a-blow-to-press-freedom-in-hong-kong.
26. Rosenzweig, Joshua. “Hong Kong's National Security Law: 10 Things You Need to Know.” Amnesty International, Amnesty International, 17 June 2020, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/hong-kong-national-security-law-10-things-you-need-to-know/.

Originally published on 22 NOV 2020 on Stand with Freedom Blogger

Legitimacy as a government is something the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) strongly desires, as they are constantly reminded that the preceding government was what established China as an international player for the current era and is still recognized as an important political influence to China.

Taiwan remains governed by the Republic of China (ROC) following the Mainland usurpation of power by the CCP. As the ROC was the legitimately recognized government of China following the warlord era in early 1910s all the way into WWII, it is the final obstacle blocking the CCP’s way to obtaining “total legitimacy” to rule China and this is most of the reason behind the CCP wanting to conquer Taiwan. Unquestionable ruling power over China would mean free reign of control by the government in a Communist regime that makes its own rules. Without another challenging their authority as a true government, the CCP would also be able to drastically change its international relationships and trade deals, and not necessarily for the betterment of the World.

Generally, a government typically comes to power in two ways: either a political party or individual is elected by the people into power, or power is transferred from one entity to the next from a previously established government, either voluntarily or forcefully. The ROC was internationally recognized as the legitimate Chinese government following the chaos that began with the collapse of the dynastic system. After the death of the first elected President of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai, the country’s army split into various warlord factions. At that time, the Nationalist party called the Kuomintang (KMT), led by Chiang Kai-shek, defeated the warlords and unified the country in 1928, and the KMT subsequently received international recognition as the legitimate governing power.

With this recognition at the international level, China was able to develop multiple trade deals and financial agreements that the KMT initiated to develop the country and military. When the KMT was ousted for their unpopular ruling techniques by the power-hungry CCP, these previous financial obligations did not disappear, and according to the standards specified in the international bonds, the CCP should have taken them over. However, the CCP has selectively decided to pay back some debts over others, and has conveniently avoided paying back the millions it owes to the U.S. However, the CCP still claims that it follows all its obligations to the country and people.

The CCP also says it has made China the leader of global trade, yet it outright disregards standards put in place to protect the people and economies of countries that involve itself with China. As a result of defaulting on its debt to the U.S., the CCP has put the country in an extreme negative field of debt, but it has found ways to circumvent these boundaries and raise billions in U.S. dollars. A popular example is the Chinese stock market giants that are not required to adhere to any taxation or financial transparency requirements every other business that functions on the NYSE has to.

If the CCP was able to conquer Taiwan, which currently shares a defence treaty with the U.S., it would mean an unprecedented scope of power would be used to keep China from adhering to any previous or current international laws, as well as even more crushing oppression for the people of both China and Taiwan. As the CCP proceeds to make more aggressive moves towards Taiwan, such as brazening fighter jets over the island’s airspace, one can only wonder if U.S. involvement will escalate given the import of the island for both China and the international community.

Sources (in order of appearance):

1. Wu, Su-wei. “PLA Aircraft Cross into Taiwan's ADIZ.” Taipei Times, The Taipei Times, 18 Sept. 2020, taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/09/19/2003743692.
2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “History.” Government Portal of Republic of China, Taiwan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) , 2018, www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_3.php.
3. Hang, Li-wu (1983). 中華文物播遷記 (in Chinese) (2 ed.). Taipei: The Commercial Press.
4. Odd Arne Westad, Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 (2012) p. 291.
5. Luo, Yanming. “毛泽东与中国统一大业 (Mao Zedong and the Great Cause of China's Reunification).” 中国共产党新闻网, 人民网, 4 Nov. 2013, 14:02, dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/1104/c85037-23425576.html.
6. Chabot, Steve. “H.R.535 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Taiwan Travel Act.” Congress.gov, 115th Congress , 16 Mar. 2018, www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/535.